Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy for breast cancer is a highly effective treatment that uses high-energy rays or particles to destroy cancer cells. It is often used after surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence by targeting any remaining cancer cells that were not removed during surgery. Radiation therapy is an important part of breast cancer treatment, especially in breast-conserving therapy (BCT), such as lumpectomy, but it may also be used after mastectomy in certain cases.
When Is Radiation Therapy Used for Breast Cancer?
Radiation therapy may be recommended for breast cancer in the following situations:
1. After Lumpectomy (Breast-Conserving Surgery):
- Radiation is typically given after lumpectomy to target any residual cancer cells in the breast. It significantly reduces the risk of cancer recurrence and is often a standard part of breast-conserving treatment.
2. After Mastectomy:
- Radiation therapy may be recommended after mastectomy, especially if the cancer is large, involves lymph nodes, or has invaded nearby tissues. It helps to reduce the risk of recurrence in the chest wall or nearby lymph nodes.
3. For Lymph Node Involvement:
- Radiation is commonly used when cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes (axillary, supraclavicular, or internal mammary lymph nodes) to prevent the cancer from spreading further or recurring in those areas.
4. Palliative Radiation:
- In cases of metastatic breast cancer (where cancer has spread to other parts of the body), radiation therapy may be used to relieve symptoms, such as pain or bone fractures, caused by cancer spread to the bones or other organs.
Types of Radiation Therapy for Breast Cancer:
1. External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT):
- The most common type of radiation therapy for breast cancer, EBRT uses a machine called a linear accelerator to deliver high-energy rays to the breast, chest wall, or lymph node areas.
- It is usually given 5 days a week for 3-6 weeks, depending on the treatment plan.
2. Internal Radiation Therapy (Brachytherapy):
- Brachytherapy involves placing a radiation source (radioactive seeds or pellets) inside the breast near the tumor site. It’s used mainly for partial-breast irradiation.
- Intracavitary Brachytherapy: A balloon catheter is inserted into the cavity where the tumor was removed, and radiation is delivered directly to the tissue around the tumor site.
o Brachytherapy is typically done over a shorter period (e.g., 1 week) compared to external beam radiation and may be an option for women with early-stage breast cancer.
Side Effects of Radiation Therapy:
While radiation therapy is an effective treatment, it can cause side effects, which vary depending on the type and area of radiation. Common side effects include:
1. Skin Changes:
- o Skin in the treated area may become red, irritated, dry, or sensitive, similar to a sunburn. It may also darken or develop peeling or blistering.
- Skin changes usually improve within a few weeks after treatment but can persist for some time.
2. Fatigue:
- Many patients experience fatigue during and after radiation therapy. It often begins after the first few weeks of treatment and may persist for weeks or months afterward.
3. Breast Swelling or Tenderness:
- Radiation can cause swelling, tenderness, or discomfort in the treated breast. The breast may also feel firmer or appear slightly smaller than before.
4. Lymphedema:
- Radiation to the lymph node areas (under the arm, chest wall) can increase the risk of lymphedema, which is swelling caused by fluid buildup, particularly in the arm.
5. Changes in Breast Appearance:
- Over time, radiation therapy can cause changes in the appearance or texture of the breast. Some women may notice their breast becomes firmer or slightly smaller.
6. Risk of Heart and Lung Damage:
- Radiation to the left breast, especially if the heart or lungs are in the field of radiation, can sometimes increase the risk of heart or lung problems later in life. Modern techniques (such as deep inspiration breath-hold) help reduce these risks.
7. Rare Long-Term Side Effects:
- In rare cases, radiation therapy can cause damage to nearby tissues, such as ribs or nerves, or lead to secondary cancers in the treated area.
Managing Side Effects:
- Skin Care: Using gentle, fragrance-free moisturizers and soaps, avoiding sun exposure, and wearing loose-fitting clothes can help protect the skin during radiation therapy.
- Fatigue Management: Light exercise, rest, and balanced nutrition can help combat radiation-induced fatigue.
- Lymphedema Prevention: Physical therapy and exercises to improve lymphatic drainage, as well as wearing compression garments, may help reduce the risk of lymphedema.
Benefits of Radiation Therapy:
- Reduces Recurrence Risk: Radiation therapy significantly reduces the risk of breast cancer coming back in the treated breast or chest wall.
- Breast Conservation: It allows many women to undergo lumpectomy rather than mastectomy, preserving the breast.
- Minimally Invasive: Radiation is a non-invasive procedure that doesn’t require hospitalization.
- Customizable: Advances in technology have allowed radiation therapy to be more targeted, reducing damage to surrounding tissues and improving patient outcomes.
Conclusion:
Radiation therapy is a key component in the treatment of breast cancer, particularly after breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) or in certain cases after mastectomy. It helps lower the risk of recurrence by targeting any remaining cancer cells in the breast, chest wall, or lymph nodes. Modern radiation techniques have improved the precision and effectiveness of the treatment while minimizing side effects.
